Abstract:The objective of this study is to determine the impact of product packaging on consumer buying behaviour. The purpose of this research is to examine the factors, which are impact on consumer buying behaviour. This is the primary research and data collected through structured questionnaire from the respondents of Surat population of the state of Gujarat. The main theoretical framework of this study focus on the finding of relationship between consumer’s decision about buying the product and different factors of packaging such as packaging colour, background image, wrapper design, packaging material.
Keywords:Product packaging, consumer buying behaviour, background image of product, Wrapper design, Packaging material.

Abstract:Burkina Faso as a landlocked country in West Africa has four alternative transport corridors (Tema -Ouagadougou; Lome-Ouagadougou; Abidjan-Ouagadougou; Cotonou -Ouagadougou) for shipment. This paper aims to examine the existing transport corridors in term of cost and time and to select the most suitable one that will be connected to a new freight village project intended to be located in Ouagadougou the capital city of Burkina Faso. Data on cost and time were obtained from both primary and secondary sources, then a joint cost and time matrix has been used to evaluate each corridor. The findings show that  the freight village project considers three potential sites (Koubri, Tanghin-Dassouri, and Pabre) as the most suitable locations and for the site of Koubri the most suitable corridor comes to be Tema – Ouagadougou.The corridor of  Abidjan–Ouagadougou appeared to be the most suitable one for the site of Tanghin-Dassouri. Both the corridor of Lome-Ouagadougou and Cotonou-Ouagadougou are the most suitable for  the site of Pabre.
Keywords:Burkina Faso, City Logistics,Developing country, Freight village, Landlocked country, Transport corridor.

Abstract:The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between CRM dimensions (customer orientation, CRM organization, knowledge management, and technology based CRM) and the organization performance (customer perspective) in Sudanese banks. This study conducted a quantitative study, the response came from the managers of 127 banks and regression analysis in pursuance of the study’s stated objectives. Findings – The results of this study suggest that all dimensions of CRM (i.e. customer orientation, CRM organization, knowledge management and technology based CRM) have a positive and significant impact on different perspectives of banks performance. However, CRM technology failed to show a significant relationship with learning and growth perspective of banks performance. Practical implications – Meaningful implications are made that building an extensive and effective CRM dimensions in banks firms is crucial to face a high competition and improve performance in Sudanese banks sector. Originality/value – The paper addresses CRM dimensions issues specifically for banks in Sudan.
Keywords:CRM, CRM organization, Customer orientation, Bank performance, Knowledge management, Technology based CRM, balance score card (BSC), resource based view (RBV).

Abstracts:The study deals with foreign direct investment (FDI) as having an important role in the development and growth of local industry. This study investigates the impacts of FDI on the Sudan as the host in terms of its effects on management practices. The study takes its sample from foreign banks and local banks in Sudan, using managerial measurements (human resources management practices). The study covers (127) individuals (senior managers) in (8) banks representing the study sample, which is drawn using stratified stage cluster sampling. The data was analyzed using OLS and SPSS. The most important findings are that: foreign banks have positive effects on local banks management practices (HRM), The study recommends the necessity for attracting more FDI to enhance the overall productivity of the country through triggering competition and achieving spillovers. Further, government should continue providing incentives to encourage inward FDI, in order to bring additional capital, technology and making the local market accessible to foreign investments, especially for banking services sector, because Sudan is full of potentials and promising investment opportunities.
Keywords:Foreign direct investment (FDI), management practices, foreign banks, local banks.

Abstract:Sustainability of any organization hinges on its main function: outputs it can offer to the market. This sustainability is defined through quantitative parameters linking the basic function of the organization with its supplementary function. At optimal equilibrium, 62% of all expenses is allocated to the former and 38% to the latter (following the ‘golden ratio’). The supplementary function comprises research and development (R&D), marketing and other expenses crucial for innovation and competitiveness of the organization. The resulting flexibility allows the organization to redesign all business processes and adapt to the volatile competitive environment while retaining its creative potential.
Keywords:competitive advantage, golden ratio, innovation, O-ring theory, self-similarity, slack resources.

Abstract:This paper aims to give a general picture of the basis of the work of banks, their vulnerability financial crises, and the effects of these crises on the economy at the local and global level through explained four facts banking crises with a brief summary of some of the banking crises these happened in some countries around the world. Through the review of the most important writings related to banking crises, we found out that, the systemic banking crisis occurs when many banks in a country are in serious solvency or liquidity problems at the same time. Either because there are all hit by the same outside shock or because failure in one bank or a group of banks spreads to other banks in the system. More specifically, a systemic banking crisis is a situation when a country's corporate and financial sectors experience a large number of defaults and financial institutions and corporations face great difficulties repaying contracts on time. As a result, non-performing loans increase sharply and all or most of the aggregate banking system capital is exhausted. This situation may accompany by depressed asset prices such as equity and real estate prices on the heels of run-ups before the crisis, sharp increases in real interest rates, and a slowdown or reversal in capital flows. In some cases, the crisis triggered by depositor runs on banks though in most cases it is a general realization that systemically important financial institutions are in distress. In the end, have been stated some of the reactions of governments to face banking crises.
Keywords: The Banking Crisis, Financial crises, Solvency, Liquidity, Systemic Banking Crisis, Financial Institutions.

Abstract:This paper investigated the association of self confidence of employee job performance of beverage manufacturing companies in Port Harcourt .The researcher employed cross-sectional survey research design. Data was collected through self-administrative questionnaire from beverage manufacturing companies in Rivers state. There are 962 employees in five beverage manufacturing companies in Rivers state. A computed sample size of 282 were drawn and issued questionnaire. 220 were retrieved and used in the analyses. Descriptive statistics measures of mean and standard deviation were used in the analyses of primary data. The findings indicated that, there is a very strong relationship between self-confidence and timeliness and productivity of beverage manufacturing companies in Port Harcourt and it was recommended that, Self-confidence is the spirit of boldness needed in other to successfully undertake a task. Beverage manufacturing companies can help their employees to develop self-confidence through periodic on the job training and implementation of such policies that encourages self-development.
Keywords:  self-regulation, Team Effectiveness, Manufacturing Companies.

Abstract:Moral hazard is a common situation that highlights the value of information in the contracts between agents and principles. This writing has demonstrated that for the hidden information to be effective, only one of the parties involved in a contract should own the private information. The current essay describes that the concept of moral hazard is useful for companies such as insurance companies that enter in trading negotiations with each other and also this writing has demonstrated that for the hidden information to be effective, only one of the parties involved in a contract should own the private information.
Keywords:Moral hazard; hidden information; trading negotiations; insurance companies.

Abstract:The study aims at ascertaining if the monetary policy operating strategy is appropriate for achieving monetary policy objectives of price stability, sustainable economic growth, balance of payment equilibrium, and full employment in Nigeria between 1986 and 2017. The study adopted ex-post quasi -experimental design approach using quarterly time series data collected between 1986 and 2017. The monetarist framework of monetary policy using the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model analysis techniques was adopted in the study. The empirical model contains broad money supply (MS2) growth rate, monetary policy rate, and exchange rate as monetary policy variables, while price stability (PS), sustainable economic growth (GDP), balance of payment (BoP), and unemployment rate (UNEMP) are monetary policy target objective variables.  Examination of the time series properties of the variables shows that all the variables were not stationary at level. However, they became stationary after 1^st differencing. Cointegration analysis revealed that the variables are cointegrated. Estimate of the impulse response functions of the policy objectives to policy variable shocks shows that the policy objectives do not respond significantly to shocks from the policy variable. The forecast error variance decomposition reveals that variances of all the policy objectives due to shocks from the policy variable are not significant even after 10 quarters. It therefore implies that the monetary policy operating strategy is not appropriate for achieving the policy objective in Nigerian economy. The study concludes that there is need to change the operating strategy of monetary policy   in order to make monetary policy effective in Nigerian economy
Keywords:monetary targeting, objective variables, operating strategy, policy variable.