Abstract: Climate change is no more an environmental concern. It has emerged as the biggest developmental challenge for the planet. Its economic impacts, particularly on the poor, make it a major governance issue as well. Changing weather patterns, including less predictable seasons and increasingly erratic rainfall, is one of the most important but least understood impacts of climate change. Long-term and seasonal weather patterns are critical to the viability of many natural resource-dependent livelihoods. The onset and dura¬tion of rainy seasons; the quantity of rainfall; its variability and even intra-seasonal rainfall shape farmers’ decisions about sowing and harvesting, as well as the success or failure of their crops. Therefore, it is of great concern that many small landholding farmers and pas¬toralists report marked changes in the timing, quality and quantity of rainfall. Their observations are striking for several reasons, including geographic scope and the consistency of described changes. Climate change is worsening the odds of longstanding risks, such as heat stress, insufficient or too much rain at crucial moments in the plant cycle, in addition to pests and diseases. These interact with a range of escalating stresses on rural livelihoods, that is, land pressure, soil erosion, deforestation and depleted water resources that would exist regardless of climate change. Because of climate change, agriculture is doubly vulnerable. Hence the present study will look in to problems facing by farmers community as a result of climate change.

Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) has undertaken scientific researches on Moringa plant, and has come to the conclusion that it is extremely nutritional and medicinal. This study investigated the effect of oral administration of Moringa oleifera tea on serum Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and glucose concentrations in young apparently healthy male and female subjects. A total of 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) were recruited to serve as both the test and control groups. Base line samples were collected from both males and females at day 0 as control samples and levels of glucose and lipid profile were evaluated. Subsequently, in addition to their normal healthy diet, each of the subjects received a sachet of Moringa oleifera leaf daily for 21days. After overnight fasting, post research (test 1st& 2nd) samples (fasting blood sample) were collected on days 11 and 22 respectively and the levels of glucose and lipid profile were re-evaluated. The subjects consumed the Moringa tea prior to their breakfast daily. Blood glucose and lipid concentrations were determined using standard methods. There was a significant decrease in the mean plasma glucose value 11 days following Moringa intake (post-test-1) when compared to the baseline level (4.19+0.76 Vs 4.56+0.42; p<0.05). There was however, significant increase in the mean serum TG value 11 days following Moringa intake (post-test-1) when compared to the baseline levels (0.83+0.31 Vs 0.66+0.30; p<0.05). There was also, significant increase in the mean serum TG value 21 days following Moringa intake (post-test-2) when compared to the baseline levels (0.81+0.36 Vs 0.66+0.30; p<0.05). There was significant increase in the mean serum VLDL value 11 days following Moringa intake (post-test-1) when compared to the baseline levels (0.38+0.14 Vs 0.298+0.14; p<0.05). Also, there was significant increase in the mean serum VLDL value 21 days following Moringa intake (post-test-2) when compared to the baseline levels (0.37+0.17 Vs 0.298+0.14; p<0.05). TC, HDL and LDL-C remained unchanged. Interestingly, intake of Moringa seemed to reduce the blood glucose concentration and increase the HDL on the short term administration however, it also increased VLDL and TG after the long term administration. From these studies, taking Moringa can be beneficial to health.
Keywords: High Density Lipoprotein, Low Density Lipoprotein, Very Low Density Lipoprotein and Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, World Health Organization (WHO).
Title: The Effects of Moringa Oleifera Intake on Plasma Glucose and Serum Lipid Concentrations in Apparently Healthy Students of College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Author: Nwogor T.A, Ogbodo E.C, Amah U.K, Ezeugwunne I.P, Onah C.E, Okwara J.E, Onuegbu A.J, OlisekodiakaM.J, Analike R.A, MeluduS.C
ISSN 2394-966X
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Meningiomas are the second most common central nervous system tumor, accounting for approximately 20 – 28 % of all primary adult intracranial tumors. The vast majority of meningiomas occur in patients between 50 and 60 years of age and are benign (WHO grade I), with a twofold higher incidence in women. The biological behavior of meningiomas is one of continued growth, ultimately leading to compression of neuronal structures. Uncommon benign meningioma subtype is secretory meningioma (SM), containing eosinophilic and periodic acid-schiff (PAS)-positive globular intracellular pseudopsamomas that are actually inclusions within intracytoplasmic lumina lined by microvilli. The inclusions and the surrounding cells, which might secrete and enclose the globules, were reported to have a positive immunoreactivity for cytokeratin (CK) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Immunohistochemistry staining of progesterone receptor (PR) for the tumor also showed mostly positive. SM was reported to account for 1.10 - 3.0% of all meningiomas. Female predominance, location preference, correlation with severe peritumoral brain edema (PTBE), and unique histopathological features had been reported. Histopathological examinations (with EMA, MIB-1 antibody and labeling index) of meningiomas give valuable prognostic information, although the methods are subject for interobserver variability. Tumor location, atypical or malignant histologic subtypes, and staining for the Ki-67 protein (MIB-1 antibody) with a high labeling index are the best predictors of tumor recurrence. Atypical (WHO grade II) and anaplastic meningiomas (WHO grade III) have a poorer prognosis than benign meningiomas. Fortunately, histologically atypical or malignant tumors comprise less than 10% of meningiomas. These two types of tumors are especially disposed to recurrence. The genetic alterations in atypical meningiomas are complex and involve losses on chromosomes like 1p (with loss of function of alkaline phosphatase (ALPL)), 6q, 10, 14q and 18q, as well as gains on multiple chromosomes. The relevant genes are still not completely known. Meningioma initiation is closely linked to the inactivation of one or more members of the highly conserved protein 4.1 superfamily, as current data indicate, which is including NF2 gene product Merlin / Schwannomin, protein 4.1B (DAL-1) and protein 4.1R. Anaplastic meningiomas show even more complex genetic alterations, including frequent alteration of the CDKN2A, p14ARF, and CDKN2B tumor suppressor genes at 9p21, as well as gene amplification on 17q23. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in meningioma pathogenesis may not only lead to the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic marker but will also facilitate the development of new pathogenesis-based therapeutic strategies. Currently, the best-studied systemic treatment for patients with refractory meningioma is hydroxyurea. Blockade of the growth hormone receptor by Pegvisomant (with a known side effect profile) may soon hold a role. Long-term therapies holding promise include calcium channel blockers and gene therapies. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in meningioma pathogenesis may not only lead to the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic marker but will also facilitate the development of new pathogenesis-based therapeutic strategies. Methods: In this detailed study, the most important features of meningioma, diagnosis, treatment, genetics, pathology and molecular pathogenesis are summarized and discussed along with an up-to-date overview about the molecular mechanisms involved in meningioma initiation and progression. Illustration of own data is provided with a detailed discussion of the clinical presentation of the patient and course, treatment plan and advices / recommendations after discharge. The most circumstantial predictors of refractory meningioma and novel systemic therapies in the treatment of the same tumors are presented in this study as well. The current literature was reviewed in this presentation and it was attempted to integrate and summarize available informations to determine a logical approach to these tumors. Results: Tumor location, atypical or malignant histologic subtypes, and staining for the Ki-67 protein (MIB-1 antibody) with a high labeling index are the best predictors of tumor recurrence. In addition, as metastases are unusual, but they do occur, review of the available evidence that has resulted in the current World Health Organization classification is topic of discussion as well. The treatment of choice is surgery, which is frequently successful in treating of these tumors, whereas there are usually two reasons that surgery might be ineffective: Firstly, tumor location or proximity to neurovascular structures may make a complete resection impossible. Secondly, the inherent biology of the tumor may give a particular meningioma a greater propensity for recurrence despite seemingly complete resection. Radiation therapy can be considered as an adjunctive treatment after surgical resection. In addition, the role of stereotactic radiosurgery is increasing, along with a possible role for brachytherapy. Novel systemic treatment options include angiogenesis inhibition, meningioma cell growth inhibition, blockade of growth factor effects, inhibition of intracellular secondary pathways, and gene therapies. Conclusions: Most meningiomas are slowly growing benign tumors that histologically correspond to World Health Organization (WHO I°). However, certain rare histological variants (clear cell, chordoid, papillary, and rhabdoid), as well as atypical (WHO II°) and anaplastic (WHO III°) meningioma show a more aggressive biological behavior and are clinically associated with a high risk of local recurrence and a less favorable prognosis. MIB-1 labeling index staining is a good predictor for refractory meningioma. Additionally, no histopathological unified classification scheme for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas was existent in the past, there are numerous inconsistencies in the literature. Treatment options for symptomatic meningiomas include primarily surgery, conventional external beam irradiation, stereotactic radiosurgery, and systemic therapies. Novel systemic treatment options include angiogenesis inhibition, meningioma cell growth inhibition, blockade of growth factor effects, inhibition of intracellular secondary pathways, and gene therapies. Currently, the best-studied systemic treatment, beside radiation therapy, for patients with refractory meningioma is hydroxyurea. Blockade of the growth hormone receptor by Pegvisomant is promising, whereas in vivo and in vitro studies have shown good results and it has a known and “acceptable” side effect profile, which can be managed easily. There are no effective chemotherapeutic agents available. A treatment algorithm is suggested for studies and investigations in the future.
Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Benign Grade I / Atypical Grade II / Anaplastic Meningioma (WHO grade III), certain rare histological variants (clear cell, chordoid, papillary, rhabdoid), Superior Sagittal Sinus (SSS), aggressive biological behavior, p53 expression, proto-oncogene, cytokeratin (CK), refractory meningiomas, staining for the Ki-67 protein (MIB-1 antibody), Vimentin, progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER), Merlin, Schwannomin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Extracellular Matrix (ECM), gene amplification on 17q23, losses on 1p, 6q, 10, 14q&18q, gains on multiple chromosomes, alteration of CDKN2A, CDKN2B tumor suppressor genes at 9p21, radiation-/ and chemo-therapy, c-myc protein, hydroxyurea, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), Pegvisomant, calcium channel blockers, gene therapy, growth hormone (GH), secretory meningioma (SM), Carcino-Embryonic Antigen (CEA), p14ARF, Odd`s ratio, Simpson classification,  peritumoral brain edema (PTBE), VEGF, Matrix-Metalloproteinase (MMP), gross total resection (GTR), subtotal resection (STR), high-power microscopic fields (HPF), protein 4.1 tumor, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 22q, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), 3D-CT-Angiography (3D-CTA), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), MR-Spectroscopy, MR-Angiography / Venography (MRA / MRV), Computed Tomography Venography (CTV), American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA), von Hippel-Lindau-Disease (VHL), Intraventricular Meningiomas (IVM), MIB 1-Labeliong Index (MIB 1 - LI), DAL-1–tumor suppression gene, psammomas / pseudopsammomas bodies, alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE), Claudin, E-Cadherin,  Desmin, HNK-1 (Leu-7), Desmoplakin, Protein S-100, Desmin, HNK-1 (Leu-7), Claudin, Connexin.
Title: NOVEL DEVELOPMENTS AND NEW APPROACHES FOR DIAGNOSIS, CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF MENINGIOMAS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY WITH ILLUSTRATION OF OWN DATA AND PRESENTATION OF CLINICAL COURSE, REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE WITH EVALUATION OF HISTOLOGY / HISTO-PATHOLOGY, PREDISPOSING - AND RISK - FACTORS, MOLECULAR - PATHOGENESIS AND GENETICS, RADIATION- & CHEMOTHERAPY AND DEMONSTRATION OF FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Abstract:The growth of Pune city, India has been accompanied by severe pollution of the Mula- Mutha River. In spite of Government regulations, lot of such waste is dumped around the cities and metropolis and deposited in natural water resources. In Pune, Mula-Mutha rivers are contaminated with such waste materials. This pollution has most immediate effect on human health, through water borne diseases. In present study, seasonal variations in the physicochemical characteristics as well as microflora of the Mula-Mutha river system were analyzed. The water samples were screened for presence of pathogens like Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus and their antibiotic resistance profiles were determined. For this purpose water samples were collected from 5 different sites on the banks of rivers Mula, Mutha and Mula-Mutha confluence in three seasons i.e. Monsoon, Winter and Summer. It was found that in Summer the pathogenic load was highest and all the isolated pathogens exhibited multiple drug resistance.
Keywords:Antibiotic Resistance, Escherichia coli, Mula, Mutha, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus.
Title: Study of Seasonal Variation in Mula-Mutha River of Pune City with respect to Total and Pathogenic Microbial Load
Author: Kadhum Sabah Naser Alshekhmoham, Fadhil Kayoon Naser, Qasim Muhammad Abdulhussein Altaher, Sanjay Kale, Hemal Makani, Asha Salunke

Abstract: Introduction: Neuroendoscopic surgery can be considered as minimal invasive surgical procedure, as it can be performed with minimal damage to normal structures, carries a lower rate of complications and achieves excellent outcomes. Surgeons using an endoscope and related instruments can perform complex operations through very small incisions, which is especially useful for minimally invasive procedures for the brain and spine. Neuroendoscopic technique is nowadays performed in diverse cases such as of obstructive hydrocephalus, various intraventricular lesions and hemorrhages, hypothalamic hamartomas, craniosynostosis, skull base tumors, and spinal lesions. There is currently no randomized controlled trial evidence of benefit for neuroendoscopy versus conventional neurosurgical treatment across a variety of indications.
Methods: The history of neuroendoscopy along with the current state and future perspectives of endoscopic surgery should be discussed briefly. Retrospective evaluation of own data along with elementary and basic principles in neuroendoscopy to be evaluated along with review of the literature.
Results: The standard indications for neuroendoscopy are the treatment of hydrocephalus, intracerebral cysts, intraventricular haemorrhages and intraventricular tumors / lesions. The advantages of neuroendoscopy-assisted microneurosurgery as an adjuvant technique were described as well. Whether endoscopy of the sellar region will gain and play more rules in the future, is as yet uncertain. Endoscopic interventions on the vertebral column and spinal cord are now routine, but controversial. The endoscopic carpal tunnel surgery is established and widely practiced.
Discussion and Conclusion: In some neurosurgical cases, the neuroendoscopic technique has become the first choice for treatment. The increasingly close links between neuroendoscopy and neuronavigation may bring promising developments for the neurosurgical management. In future, virtual neuroendoscopy may aid the planning and execution of surgical interventions.
Keywords: Neuroendoscopy, hydrocephalus, brain tumor, lumbar disc prolapse, carpal tunnel syndrome, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), endoscopy-assisted craniosynostosis surgery (EACS), subependymal giant cell tumor (SGCT), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), papilloma, carcinoma, lymphoma, microendoscopic discectomy (MED), intracerebral cyst, arachnoid cyst, ependymal cyst, endodermal cyst, neuroepithelial cyst, chordoid glioma, ependymoma, meningioma, craniopharyngioma, intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), aqueductal stenosis (AS).
Title: Retrospective Study on Patients Treated Neuroendoscopically for Lesions in the 3rd Ventricle: Evaluation of Own Data, Basic and Elementary Principles, Review of the Literature with Current and Future Perspectives of Neuroendoscopy

Author: Munthir Al-Zabin, Joachim Hettke
ISSN 2394-966X
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals