Abstract: The treatment and disposal of wastes of all kinds has been the problem of concern. Waste could be treated by reducing its bulk or by recovering and reprocessing it into useful substances. Waste materials from domestic and commercial establishments like fruit juice stalls are chief sources for the production of Alcohol. In the present study, waste from fruits was subjected for fermentative production of alcohol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermentation of fruit waste was studied for the reducing sugar concentration and the alcohol yield at every 72 hours interval. The results showed that after 9 days of fermentation, the production of alcohol was 8.5%.The study could be focused towards industrial scale on the methods which are economically reliable and environmental friendly.

Abstract:  An experiment was conducted in the SINA Gerald farm to study the effect of urea molasses Block (UMB) supplementation on the growth performance of sheep. Forty merinos sheep of ten months old were used in the experiment and were divided into four groups of ten sheep each and were arranged in a complete randomized design. Four feeding treatments were used in the experiment, and these were, P0: control group fed on grass only, P1: grass supplemented with UMB containing 3.6% of urea, P2: grass supplemented with UMB containing 4.8% of urea, and P3: grass supplemented with UMB containing 7.2% of urea.  The laboratory analysis of feed ingredients of the UMB was also performed to check the nutrient content in terms of Dry matter (DM), Crude protein (CP), Crude fiber (CF), and mineral content in Calcium (Ca), and phosphorous (P). Data on the feeding trial were collected during fourteen weeks, and were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using general linear model procedure of GenStat. Means were compared with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results of this experiment showed that the UMB supplementation has significantly influenced (P<0.05) the live weight gain, and feed conversion ratio in sheep. Feed consumption was higher in non-supplemented groups, but was negatively affected in groups supplemented with UMB (P<0.05). With regard to the growth performance of sheep, the group P3 fed on grass supplemented with UMB containing 7.2% of urea, showed a higher growth performance than other groups.  It was also observed that the UMB supplementation did not adversely affect the sheep health.

Abstract: The effect of ethanolic extraction of olive leaves on alloxan – induced diabetic rabbits and lipid profile has been investigated. The maximum hypoglycemic activity (about 20% reduction in blood glucose level) was obtained from the treatment of diabetic rabbits with 600mg/ kg. There was a significant decrease in the concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL – cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol after treatment with 600 mg/kg for one week to the non-diabetic rabbits. However with this dose there was no effect on the level of triglycerides. The olive leaves extraction showed also significant antioxidant activity when compared with Ascorbic acid as standard anti-oxidant agent. The study suggests the use of alcoholic extract of olive leaves be beneficial in diabetic condition and in reducing the level of lipids. Further work on isolation and characterization of active constituents in olive is in progress in our laboratory.

Abstract: An experiment was carried out at Rubirizi farm in the College of Agriculture Animal Science and veterinary Medicine (CAVM) of the University of Rwanda, to evaluate the effects of feeding a yellow maize variety pool 8A based- diet on egg production in layers. A total number of 60 pullets were randomly divided into two lots of 30 pullets, and each lot was made of three sub-groups of ten pullets arranged in a complete randomized design and data were collected during ten weeks from July to October 2013. The parameters studied were the laying rate, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, rate of broken eggs, and weight of eggs, and egg yolk colour index. The inclusion ratio of both types of maize (white and yellow) was the same (47%) and all other ingredients were similar in two ration formulation. A proximate analysis of both maize based-diets and eggs produced was carried out in laboratory of CAVM-Busogo campus. Data were analyzed using GenStat with a one-way ANOVA. The proximate analysis revealed that yellow maize recorded high protein content (9.18%) than white maize (7.48%). Pullets fed with yellow maize based- diet recorded an average weekly laying rate of 89.7% while those fed on white maize recorded 87% but the difference were not significant (P>0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the average daily feed intake of 110.7g/day/hen for white maize based-diet while it was 110.2g/day/hen. The feed conversion ratio tended to be the same, 2.2 for pullets fed on yellow maize based-diet and 2.3 for those fed on white maize based-diet. Eggs from layers fed with a yellow maize based-diet had a higher yolk colour score (8= yellow) than those from white maize based-diet (11= pale yellow) index evaluated using colour charts comparison.

Abstract: The possibility of an HIV-free generation is authenticated by the many successes recorded in the EID and PMTCT programs globally. And though many children are still being infected with HIV, the Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV using the highly sensitive DNA PCR technology coupled with the early initiation of ART and co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected infants have gone a long way in reducing the global HIV scourge. Many national governments have failed abysmally in effectively coordinating their national HIV programs; and many still depend solely on international donor funding. These failures have led to many gaps, loopholes, and challenges being encountered in the EID-PMTCT programs. This review seeks to proffer the solutions to these all-encompassing challenges facing EID of HIV and invariably paving way for the successful implementation of the PMTCT programs in Nigeria.

Keywords: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Early Infant Diagnosis (EID), Prevention of Mother-to-child Transmission (PMTCT), Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), Dried Blood Spot (DBS), Primary Healthcare Center (PHC) Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Point of Care (POC).

Abstract: The infant mortality is the death of a child less than one year of age. Its investigation begins with the circumstances of the discovery history of infant such as medical status, prenatal, delivery and postnatal information which allows the Forensic scientists to focus the investigation. It is based on data from the police and judicial system, data from infant’s parents and relatives, and neighbors through interviews and forensic DNA analysis. All physical evidences found at the crime scene must be safeguarded by a chain of custody to ensure proper processing. The final reports is reported either accidental, homicide, suicide or undetermined death. The scientific evidence of infant mortality admissible according to the scientific techniques generally accepted as reliable in the scientific community. The expert’s conclusion should be exposed through cross-examination. This paper assesses the cause and manner of infant mortalities. It also describes the scientific techniques used in investigation of such cases.