Abstract: The Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is well known drug used to improve the quality of life in persons living with HIV AIDS. HIV medication is very important but a variety of other factors may influence the effectiveness and adherence of ART that needs devotion from patients, provisions of health services and health care professionals, and having social and economical support from the society. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of ART in nutrition and environment as risk factor.
Methods: A Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from February to April, 2016 at Arba Minch and Chencha Hospitals. A total of 400 person who admitted ART drug were used in this Study. Data were collected through interviewer administered questionnaire technique and records and analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage and average. The difference was again checked for significance at 0.5 confidence interval. The study participants were employed by using systematic random sample selection method.
Results: The average increment of CD4 Cell after ART admission in Chencha was 155.60 while that of Arba Minch was 99.00. The difference was significant at 1% confidence interval. The co-infection of TB at the ART admitted period was also compared in the two sites. TB co-infection in Arba Minch was 24.4% while it was 13.3% in Chencha. Average increment of CD4 in males (134.11) was significantly higher than that of females (107.95).
Conclusion: The study showed that variation existed on the effectiveness of ART in different environment of Chencha and Arba Minch town. Knowledge was poor on ART effectiveness and the relationship with nutrition. There was correlation between the number of CD4 cell and prevalence of TB co infections. Nutrition and Environmental condition play great role in the prevalence of opportunitistic TB co infection.

Keywords: ART, Effectiveness, HIV Patients, Nutrition, Environment, CD4 Cell.
Title: Preliminary Study on Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy in Environment and Nutrition Variations: Chencha and Arba Minch Cases
Author: Temam Abrar Hamza
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Periodic flooding is a menace to agricultural activities in such regions due to disruptions on farmlands, grazing grounds, sweeping of human beings and animals, and socio-economic livelihood and infrastructure of the residents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flooding on socio-economic livelihood of the households living in Lower Kano plain, Kisumu County. The study was conducted at Lower Kano plain for a period of three months and targeted 950 households, out of which 273 were selected using Fischer’s formulae. The households were selected through purposive sampling and snow balling. The study employed descriptive survey design. Questionnaires, observations, and documentary analysis were used to collect the data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics such as Pearson’s product moment correlation. This study revealed that majority of the respondents (77%) agreed that during flooding, their health infrastructure were destroyed as well as impeding the accessibility of health services. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient analysis revealed that r = 0.9428, implying that there was a strong positive correlation between the duration of floods and the level of damage to agriculture. In conclusion, floods continue to disrupt agricultural activities in Lower Kano Plains by drowning animals, washing away crops, killing humans and destroying basic infrastructure. The study recommended that government should design sustainable mitigation measures to minimize the impact of floods and the associated risks not only in Lower Kano Plain area but also in other flood plains.

Keywords: Destruction of property, Disaster, Displacement, Floods, Livelihood, Socio-economic.
Title: EFFECTS OF FLOODING ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIVELIHOOD OF THE FARMERS IN LOWER KANO PLAINS, KISUMU COUNTY-KENYA
Author: Seth Baraka Ochieng, Dr. Otieno, A. Charles, Prof. Francis, O. Ang’awa
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Nitrogen is essential element for plant growth and development which is supplied by mutual symbiosis of rhizobia in cultivated legume plants. Biological nitrogen fixation could help to enhance agricultural productivity and ensure food security. This work aimed isolation and characterization of rhizobia from rhizospher and nodule samples collected from the study area. Isolation of rhizobium were undertaken using Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar medium. A total of 120 rhizobium were isolated from four samples. One isolate from each sample was selected for further characterization. Isolate LLsm1, CPsm1, CPnm1 and Esm1 were found to be negative for MR-VP and starch hydrolysis test. All isolates were found to be positive and negative for catalase and citrate utilization test respectively. They are also found to be Gram negative, rod shaped morphology, fast grower and indole producers. All the isolates were found with poor absorption of Congo red dye and no growth on the YEMA with 2% NaCl. Therefore, all isolates were confirmed as Rhizobia and plant growth promoting bacterial strains. These properties suggest that rhizobium isolated in this study could find potential application for development of the sustainable agriculture as to be a good candidate of biofertilizer which help in soil fertilization without applying chemical fertilizers.

Keywords: Rhizobium, Nitrogen Fixing, Bacteria, Isolates, Biofertilizer.
Title: Isolation and Characterization of Rhizobia from Rhizospher and Root Nodule of Cowpea, Elephant and Lab Lab Plants
Author: Temam Abrar Hamza, Alemayehu Letebo Alebejo
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals