Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of aqueous extract of date palm fruit in rats.
Design and Setting:  The study was an experimental research carried out at the medical laboratory of University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
Methods: Four groups of rats were conveniently assigned with six rats per group based on law of diminishing return. The groups received different interventions of 500mg of aqueous extract of date palm, 300mg of aqueous extract of date palm, Paracetamol and normal saline. Hot tail flick test was used to evaluate the analgesic activity of the rats, while 2.5% croton-oil was used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity in each group.
Results: Statistical significant median difference of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of date fruit aqueous extract (DFAE) was revealed at (p= 0.001, χ2 =17.84) and (p= 0.002, χ2 =14.80) respectively. In addition, the significant difference of the analgesic effect of DFAE lies between normal saline and 500mg DFAE (p=0.001, χ2=-15.250). Likewise the significant difference of the anti-inflammatory effect of DFAE lies between group that received paracetamol and 300mg DFAE (p=0.027, χ2=0.027), paracetamol and normal saline (p=0.001, χ2=15.717),   and 500mg DFAE and normal saline (p=0.031, χ2=11.467).

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and causes of stress amongst nurses at Ndola Central Hospital from the nurses’ perspective. The study was conducted at Ndola Central Hospital, situated in Ndola District, on the Copperbelt province of Zambia. The study was designed as a cross sectional descriptive study. The results of this study may be used to guide policy makers and nursing managers to develop a stress prevention and management model specific to the Zambian situation.
Methods: The study sample consisted of 183 nurses randomly selected from a frame combining all nurses from outpatient, medical, obstetrics and gynaecology, surgical, theatre and critical care wards. Data for the study was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data management and analysis for the study was performed using Epi info version 3.2.2. Means and their standard deviations were used to describe continuous variables whereas frequency and percentage distributions were used to describe categorical variables.
Results: One hundred and ninety nurses were targeted for inclusion into the study of which 183 responded; giving a 96.3% response level. The majority (86%) of the respondents were female. Almost all (93.4%) of the respondents had experienced occupational stress, of these 66.7% rated it as very high. Nurse-patient ratio was reported as a stress factor by most (92.3%) of nurses. Sleeping disturbances and recurring headaches were reported as the most (89.1% and 85.2% respectively) symptoms of stress experienced. Talking to colleagues about stressful factors was the most (80.9%) coping mechanism reported.
Conclusion: The level of occupational stress as reported by the nurses was high, and in many cases accompanied by a number of emotional and physical symptoms. This  observation calls for the formulation of stress management programmes, training on coping skills, as well as development and implementation of strategies for the improvement of work conditions and environment for nurses in public hospitals, with special focus on reducing work-related sources of stress in Ndola Central Hospital.

Abstract: Aim of the study was to identify the effectiveness of nutritional counseling on recovery outcomes among bladder cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Materials and method: study was carried out on a convenient sample of 50 patients was randomly and alternatively divided into two equal groups; 25 for each group: Study group (I) were received nutritional counseling. Control group (II) were exposed to routine hospital care. Setting ;The study was conducted in Clinical Oncology Department of Menoufiya University Hospital, Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Tools of the study: Six tools were used for data collection. 1- Knowledge Assessment Sheet: Structured interview questionnaires to assess patient's knowledge about disease process. 2- Radiotherapy assessment sheet, while, 3- Scored Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment sheet. 4- Method of Nutritional Assessment sheet. 5- Quality of life (QoL) scale by (Padilla and Grant, 1985). The last one was Inventory functional status cancer by (Tulman et al., 1991). Results: The majority of both study and control group were farmers, married, have 5 offspring, no family history of bladder cancer, smokers, had bilharzias infection. Conclusions: the study was concluded that cancer and its treatment affect nutritional status of patients to varying degrees so the patient require ongoing nutritional assessment ; need nutritional counseling and prompt nutritional intervention. In addition, there is a relationship between nutritional counseling and recovery outcomes among bladder cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Recommendation; further studies should be carried out on a la0rge number of patients.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare between the effects of a combination of exercise learning and passive learning on cognitive function before and after a six-month intervention. Body composition and vascular age were also correlated with cognitive function. Cognitive function was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. We also measured body composition with an inner scan monitor to examine its correlation with cognitive function. The results showed that the group that underwent the combination of exercise and learning exhibited significantly improved cognitive function compared to that that underwent passive learning. We also found a relationship between cognitive function and basal metabolic, bone mass, muscle mass, metabolic age, and vascular age.

Abstract: Among the constellation of symptomatology associated with Sjogren’s syndrome, a patient may present with neurological involvement, which may be central or peripheral. These may present without the primary sicca symptoms. The medical treatment focuses on symptomatic treatment which may still leave the patient dependent for their daily activities along with persisting sensory symotoms making it difficult for the patient to even sustain mobility independently. Neuro rehabilitation for such patients’ esp. occupational therapy is beneficial in terms of sensory training, training in daily activities, hand function training and mobility training.   

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Musanze and Nyabihu districts, Rwanda, 2015 on lactating dairy cows to determine the overall prevalence of bovine mastitis and identify associated risk factors. A total of 30 lactating cows were examined for mastitis using clinical examination and California mastitis test (CMT). An overall 60% prevalence of mastitis was recorded in the study area. Direct observations, standardized monitoring forms and interviews were used to identify mastitis risk factors. The prevalence of mastitis varied insignificantly (p>0.05) among milk yield, where the prevalence was recorded 50%  at low (1-5 liter/day) level of milk production  in lactating cows  and an increase of prevelance of bovine mastitis was observed  at medium (6-10 liter/day) level  with 61.11%  and at high (> 10liter/day ) level with 75%. It was also appreciated that the udder cleanless and teat predip was insignificantly (p>0.05) influenced the occurrence of mastitis. Dairy cows with Poor Udder cleanless (80 %) were severely affected followed by medium Udder cleanless (50%) and Good Udder cleanless (33.33%) and that of teat pre dip with mastitis  was  highly recorded in cows with  Unsatisfactory teat pre dipping  (57.8%)  than in  cows with Satisfactory teat  predipping (63.6%). The teat post dip and milking were found as important risk factors to significantly (p< 0.05) influenced the occurrence of mastitis. From this significance, prevalance of bovine mastitis and teat  post dip  was recorded  high in cows with  Unsatisfactory teat post dipping  (83.33%)  than in  cows with Satisfactory teat  post dipping (41.66%) and prevalence of bovine mastitis increases with unsatisfactory milking with 76.19% as  a part of milk became a favorable medium for microorganisms  growth and decreases when milking done completely with 33.33%.

Abstract: Chemotherapeutic agents are known to be carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic to humans. Occupational exposure to chemotherapeutic agents is a potential risk. Healthcare workers especially nurse who prepare and administer chemotherapeutic drugs may experience the cytotoxic effects of the drugs through direct skin contact, respiratory and digestive system exposure, and these effects are vital to human life. Aim of the study: first, to evaluate the nurse’s practice (safety measures) during chemotherapy preparation and administration, second, to identify potential risk factors that may predispose nurses to chemotherapy hazards.  Design: A descriptive study carried out during six months from July to December 2012at Menofia oncology hospital .Sample:  A study group of 30 oncology nurses of Menoufia oncology hospital. Tools:  1-An interviewing questionnaire, that covering sociodemographic data, knowledge related to chemotherapy preparation and administration, health hazards related to exposure to chemotherapy, use of protective measures while dealing with drugs and barriers of use it. 2-Observational checklist, to assess nurses' actual practices of preparation and administration of chemotherapy .Results:  The nurses did not comply with recommended safety behavior (rules and regulations) due to workload , lack of knowledge and lack of equipment and facilities .This study revealed poor safety protective measures among nurses handling cytotoxic drugs which had negative effect on their health Recommendations:  The need for nurse’s educational programme to increase their awareness and knowledge regards use of chemotherapy and protection from its health hazards.

Abstract: The retrospective cohort study was carried out to determine the impact of increased herbal products on the health of the Ghanaian populace. Newly registered herbal products (NRHP) entering the Ghanaian market from 2003 to 2013 and the vital statistics were analyzed for the said impact. Data outside the said period were excluded. From Chi-square test of independent at 95% CI, P-values for the independent of National Death Rate (CNDR) on Newly Registered Herbal Product (NRHP), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) on NRHP and Life Expectancy Rate (LER) on NRHP were all greater than 0.05 (P˃0.05); ranging from 0.232 to 0.253. The researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis of independent. Hence, we accept that the vital statistics and the number of registered herbal products entering the Ghanaian market are independent. Test of Pearson’s two-tailed test  of correlation and graphical representation of data showed some relatedness, but it was not statistically significant since the p-values for the Chi square test were all greater than 0.05. The relatedness in the observed trend could be due to other confounding factors affecting our dependent variables (vital statistics) or could be by chance.

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the association between urinary schistosomiasis and prostate cancer in Al-Shajra area in Khartoum State-Sudan. Cross-sectional study was carried out during the period December 2012 to April 2013. One hundred and forty one subjects were included in this study (age between 15-55 years old) all of them were males. One hundred and forty one urine samples and 141 blood samples were taken from subjects. Parasitological data were obtained and recorded. The urine samples were examined to detect the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium by using wet preparation technique. Out of 141, 50 (35%) were found positive and 91(65%) were found negative. Sedimentation technique was used to determine the intensity of infection. Out of 50, 11 (22%) were presented as light infection and 39 (78%) were presented as heavy infection. The prostate cancer was identified by detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in blood samples of (50) positive subjects by using Immunochromatography test device. When the results were analyzed, the study showed that no association between urinary schistosomiasis and prostate cancer.                                            

Abstract: Prenatal screening is needed in cases of blood disorders that cause hemolysis and eventually lead to anemia and death of the fetus. At this time a constraint for prenatal diagnostic is a fairly expensive for most levels of the Indonesian economy. DNA analysis at this point considered the most accurate and can determine whether the fetus is exposed to major or minor gene abnormality.
The examination for the actual screening is not feasible because can only be done in a particular city and can not be done in every place. Screening of thalassemia, which had been performed abroad, while in Indonesia currently no program for it although new patient increase. The way a simple laboratory has long been known, especially checking MCV and MCH and blood osmotic fragility test (OTOFT) in the mother, but the main choice is fetal chorionic vilous sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. Both of these tests require examination of DNA that are quite expensive.
Ultrasonography is a tool that is commonly used today in the field of obstetrics. Technological advances, especially Doppler ultrasound have become commonly used. Detection of fetal anemia on serial ultrasound, either with or without Doppler can be used primarily to detect anemia in fetuses by parents who have thalassemia carrier. Measurement cardiothoracic ratio (without Doppler) and measurement of peak systolic velocity (PSV) in middle cerebral artery (with Doppler), performed serially can detect fetuses with anemia earlier to allow for further examination and treatment in the pregnancy.

Abstract: This study has explored the hypothesis that predisposing and enabling factors of households influence the immunization status of the children among age of two - five in Colombo District, Sri Lanka. The study was a cross-sectional survey among a representative sample of 400 male and female children under two - five years of age from households with varying socio-economic status and mothers with varying levels of education, from urban, urban slum and rural localities in the Colombo District. The proper immunization coverage rate for children was found to be low. Children in urban and urban slum areas differed substantially in their proper immunization rates and their receipt of each vaccine separately. The immunization rate decreased with an increase in the age of the children and immunization rate decreased with a decrease in the education level of the mother. A strong relationship with the immunization status of their children was showed with mothers’ knowledge of and attitudes to immunization. Private sector contribution was found to be very low and most immunizations occurred in government sector.  Private sector immunization service was preferred by the people who lived in urban areas rather than the people who lived in rural and urban slum areas. The large differences found in immunization coverage mere by place of residence, level of education and level of knowledge about vaccines, working status of the mother suggested that much greater efforts are required if better rates of proper immunization are to be achieved in urban slum areas.

Abstract: Detection of cancer at early stage is easy as the awareness among people is increasing; this results in increasing trend of occupational exposure to cytotoxic hazards among the healthcare workers as cancer patients receiving multiple chemotherapy regimens for a longer period of time. Nurses also exposed with many side effects of chemo drugs due to improper handling of these drugs. Among female nurses the possible reproductive side effects experienced by exposed nurses were infertility, abortion and abnormalities in fetus. The aim of this study was to identify association of knowledge on attitude and practice of registered nurses regarding handling of cytotoxic drugs in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi Pakistan. The study results revealed that registered nurses working in the oncology unit of a tertiary care hospital have limited knowledge about the handling of the cytotoxic drugs which affect their attitudes and practices of handling cytotoxic drugs in their daily practices.

Abstract: Health is not mainly an issue of doctors, social services & hospitals. It is an issue of social justice. Health is a common theme in most cultures. In fact, all communities have their concepts of health, as part of their culture. WHO defines ‘health is a complete physical, mental & social wellbeing& not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. Normally, the secretion is just enough to lubricate vagina and the sources of secretion are mainly the endometrial glands, cervical glands and vaginal transudate as the vagina has no secretary glands to produce a secretion of its own.
Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge regarding leukorrhea among women of age 18-45 years at kuthambakkam. To determine the effectiveness of aleovers juice on leukorrhea among women of age 18-45 years at kuthambakkam.
Methodology: Research design: Pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test design to determine the effectiveness of aleovera juice on leukorrhea.
Result: With the regards to age among women, majority of 16(53%) are between the age group 25-30 years. With the regards to the education among women, majority of 10(33%) are secondary educated. With regards to the occupation among women, majority of 15(50%) of the women are housewife. With regards to the religion among women, majority of 21(70%) of the women are hindu. With regards to the puberty age among women, majority of 10(33%) of the women attained puberty at the age of 10-12 years. With regards to the marital status of women, majority of 18(60%) of the women are married.

Abstract: polycystic ovary syndrome is a growing problem with adolescent girls. It can be very difficult to diagnose PCOS in teenage girls as they often experience irregular or absent menses and acne. Polycystic ovarian diseases prevalence is fast increasing among college girls in urban Mumbai about 30% of young college girls were detected with PCOD. Objectives 1:to find the pre-test and post-test knowledge of engineering students regarding PCOS as measured by a structured knowledge questionnaire. 2. Evaluate the effectiveness of self. Instructional module regarding PCOS in terms of gain in post-test knowledge score. Methods/approach: quantitative approach, experimental, quasi experimental design. The data was collected by questionnaire. Results: the knowledge improvement mean score was 12.64 and standard deviation is 2.48 and paired t-test value is 24.3 and p value is p<0.001 and there is a significant effectiveness of self-instructional module for knowledge on polycystic ovary syndrome (p<0.005).

Abstract: The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between catastrophizing and depression and their impact on pain severity in patients with orthopedic conditions. Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS21-D) and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) were administered to 104 patients of an outpatient orthopedic clinic. In addition, 65 healthy individuals from the community, matched for age and gender, were used as a control group. PCS assesses pain catastrophizing, DASS21-D assesses depression symtpomatology and NRS assesses pain severity. Multiple regression analyses, covariating for age and gender were used to estimate the predictive role of catastrophizing and depression on pain severity. Both catastrophic thinking and depression were statistically significant predictors of pain intensity. The PCS Helplessness subscale was found to be the strongest predictor.

Abstract: The status of Women in all societies today has emerged as a fundamental crisis in human development, heightened by the complex process of modernization, industrialization and urbanization. Although the exploitation of the discrimination against women is a global phenomenon, the consequences are particularly reflected in developing countries2. Poverty, ignorance, deprivation of the basic necessities of life, and new pressures of transition from the traditional to a modern form of society combine to aggregate the inequality among sexes in the countries to a level where the very existence of women becomes a continuous struggle for survival. It was agreed that women were to be the focus of attention since they represented one of the most vulnerable groups in these countries.

Abstract: The study aimed to determine association between intestinal schistosomiasis and enteric fever in New Halfa city. A cross- sectional study was carried out during the period from December 2010 to June 2011. A total number of 75 subjects (29 (38.7%) were males and 46 (61.3%) were females, age between 6-60 years old, mean age was 17 ± 12 years) were included in this study. Stool and blood samples were taken from all subjects. Parasitological and clinical data were obtained and recorded. Out of 75, 75 (100%) faecal specimens were positive for Schistosoma mansoni (29 (38.7 %) were males and 46 (61.3%) were females) when examined by direct wet mount and Kato-Katz technique. Kato-Katz technique was used to determine the intensity of infection, out of 75, 54 (72.0%) were mild infection, 20 (26.7%) were moderate and 1 (1.3%) was severe infection. Salmonella was detected by using stool culture and the serum samples tested for antibody titer by using screening Widal test by slide method. The results showed that, when used culture media 15 out of 75(20.0%) was growth and 60 out of 75 (80.0%) no growth. When used the Widal test the result was 44 out of 75 (58.7%) were insignificant, 14 out of 75 (18.7%) were suggestive and 17 out of 75 (22.7%) were significant.

Abstract: Pain and anxiety may be experienced by stroke patients. This is generally a result of stiff joints, muscle tension and cramps. Massage of the muscles can stimulate blood flow and consequently improved overall mobility and relief pain and reduce anxiety. Aim: The Effect of Massage Therapy on pain and Anxiety among Stroke Patients. Subjects and Methods: A convenience sample of 100 patients with stroke. The study was carried out at special medical department and Clinic in Shebien Elkoom, at Menoufia University Hospital, Egypt.  Tools Three tools were utilized for data collection. Tool I: Interviewing questionnaire: developed by the researchers It consisted of:-  Part one: Socio demographic data, Part two: Assessment of knowledge about medical data about stroke. Tool II: ABBEY PAIN SCALE: that contains sex questions for measuring pain relief. Tool III: Hamilton Anxiety Rating scale (HAM-A). That contains 14 questions for measuring rate of anxiety. Results: The majority of both study and control groups were male, were secondary education, were married and were Ischemic stroke. The majority of study group had improvement to pulse and blood pressure during post and follow intervention also highly statistically significant difference was evident among two studied group as regard to pulse and blood pressure. A highly statistical significant difference was evident among two studied group as regard to post and follow pain and anxiety level. Also the majority of study group had improvement to pain and anxiety level during post and follow intervention than pre intervention. Conclusion: The current study concluded that improvement of pain and anxiety level by massage in post and follow up intervention than pre intervention.  Also there were statistically significant improvements on blood pressure and heart rate by massage post and follow up intervention than pre intervention. The current study showed that positive correlation between pain and anxiety level in follow up intervention.

Abstract: To evaluate effectiveness of modified B-lynch suture in controlling atonic postpartum haemorrhage. Modified B–lynch suture was used in 40 cases, suffering from atonic ppH. Modified B–lynch alone, succeeded to control atonic ppH in 35 (87.5%) of cases. In addition to the uterine suture, ligation of both uterine & ovarian vessels, succeeded to control atonic ppH in 3 (7.5%) of cases. Emergency hysterectomy was performed in 2 (5%) of cases in spict of doing the uterine suture and ligation of uterine & ovarian vessels. Modified B–lynch suture is an effective method to control atonic ppH. It is simple, safe, easily applied, lifesaving procedure and could preserve the female fertility. 

Abstract: Introduction: The present study explores the correlation of cancer pain and emotional distress among adult cancer patients, suffering from lung cancer and gastrointestinal cancer.
Patients and Methods: The study was conducted from October to December 2014,in the Day Unit of a general hospital in northern Greece, among patients receiving chemotherapy.
The questionnaires used for the study consisted of Numeric Rating Scales (NRS) for the cancer pain evaluation and the DASS 21 Greek version for the emotional distress assessment (Depression-Anxiety-Stress). The patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study where 86.

Abstract: Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), although originally used in the field of medicine, has been widely adopted now in nursing colleges or institutions as a part of their assessment strategy in the implementation of their organized nursing training for the students.  However, there are instances when it has been prudently commented among the students who have been participating in the examination.  In an effort to draw in justified information, a study is done with the objective of eliciting the perceptions of the nursing students over the probability as to whether OSCE really measures the real performance of its candidates. The two groups of students participated in the study were from the same Nursing University College.  A group of forty students representing semester 8 were those who had been participating in six previous OSCE performances, while the other forty from semester two had only experienced one OSCE session and that was when they were at the end of their Semester one.  The perceptions from these senior and junior groups are important, taking into account the level of their varied involvement in the examination which ultimately will reflect on the readiness of their emotional and mental status to be confronted with such examinations. Questionnaires for the quantitative study were designed mostly based on the overall purposes of OSCE itself.  Nine close ended questions were formulated (requiring options of strongly agree to strongly disagree answers) with an additional of two open-ended question where the students are invited to write their comments and recommendations.

Abstract: Objective is to study the effects of ovarian endocoagulation on the hormonal profiles in PCOS patients.  
Design: Prospective study.
Patients: 40 infertile patients, failed to respond to medical induction of ovulation.
Setting: Benha Teaching Hospital - laparoscopic unit of gynaecological department, Benha, Egypt.
Intervention: Laparoscopic ovarian endocoagulation.
Main outcome measure(s): Depending upon the size of the ovary, 4 – 10 holes to a depth up to 0.5cm were done in each ovary.  Measurement of serum levels of LH, FSH, oestradiol, androstenedione, testosterone “total and free”, prolactin and insulin was done one day before and one day, 3-7 days and about 2 months after ovarian endocoagulation.   
Results: There were significant reductions in the levels of LH, oestradiol and androstenedione.  Insulin level showed significant increases.  There were no significant changes in serum levels of FSH and testosterones (free or total).  Oestrogen level and ASD were positively correlated significantly with the ovarian cyst number.  The ovarian volume and the number of ovarian microcysts were directly correlated significantly with ASD, free (T), and oestradiol.
Conclusion: Ovarian endocoagulation is an effective method in the management of anovulation in PCOS patients. It makes the hormonal environment - local in the ovary and systemic - suitable for ovulation. ASD is a reliable indicator in assessing the androgen status of the PCO patients.  Increment of insulin level after endocoagulation may not support the role of insulin in the pathogenesis of PCOS.