Abstract: Noise in radio frequency (RF) communication systems, such as thermal noise and interference from nearby channels, often disrupts signal clarity and lowers the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, we focus on tackling this problem by designing a finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter to effectively reduce noise and enhance signal quality. The filter is tailored to suppress high-frequency noise while ensuring the desired signal remains intact.

Through simulations, we evaluated the filter’s performance in both time and frequency domains. The results showed a significant boost in SNR, from 18 dB to 35 dB, after filtering. The frequency response of the filter successfully attenuated unwanted noise above the 200 kHz cutoff, and its computational efficiency makes it practical for real-time applications.

Keywords: RF communication, noise reduction, FIR filter, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), interference, digital signal processing, real-time applications.

Title: Design of Digital Filters for Noise Reduction in RF Communication Systems

Author: Md Minhajul Amin, K M Shihab Hossain, Md Shahriar Atik Shifat, Md Nagib Mahfuz Sunny, Sadia Binte Arju

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

ISSN 2394-9678

Vol. 12, Issue 1, September 2024 - August 2025

Page No: 14-21

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 04-November-2024

Abstract: Following a persisting challenge of HIV, thermodynamic expressed drug primary mechanism of action β1  that took account of the drug bioavailability and drug secondary mechanism of action β2  parameters were introduced in a historical aggregate control parameter model which is later incorporated in an adopted basic viral dynamics model, an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) and the solution of the ensued model from numerical integration that utilized explicit Runge-Kutta method now the red series is simulated simultaneously alongside a solution from historical model from the drug absorbance efficiency now the green series for the infection time course using MATLAB^TM function ode 23. Thermodynamic drug parameters introduced from day twenty to day three hundred achieved a higher value of CD4⁺ T cell count that later converged to equilibrium in the first instance and in the second instance, drug parameters introduced from day twenty to day twenty five revealed a faster response by drugs with thermodynamic aggregate parameters even though it later settled to equilibrium with formulation having only the secondary parameter of absorbance as the efficiency. The solution showed dynamics as expected and are quite informative based on the fact that they both display infection time course that are in agreement with the literature. The solution dynamics changed to curative at the introduction of the thermodynamic drug parameters hence validating the model. They both changed from being progressive to regressive. CD4⁺ T cell count got comprehensively improved while infected cell count and viral load dropped as expected. It is very worthy of note that expressed thermodynamic aggregate control dynamics picked up faster than only the absorbance model. The values of CD4⁺ T cell count rose far above 90% (900) cells per μL (cellsμL-1 ) of the supply rate of the CD4⁺ T cell count.  The series red which is for thermodynamic aggregate control dynamics showed clearly that the combined efforts of both the drug primary and secondary mechanism of action acted faster. They both teamed up to resist the viral attack faster and earlier than that of drug secondary mechanism action alone.

The result of this paper explains the fact that control infectivity in HIV dynamics can actually be expressed through combined Hamaker constants and absorbance parameters of the drugs in historical aggregate control infectivity model. The application of this study in pharmaceutical industries, in the area of drug design and in clinical studies cannot be overemphasized.

Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus, Interfacial energetics, Control Infectivity, Absorbance.

Title: AGGREGATE THERMODYNAMICS CONTROL INFECTIVITY IN HIV INFECTION DYNAMICS

Author: Ilo, C. P., Ohaa, O. D., Dim, E. C.

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

ISSN 2394-9678

Vol. 12, Issue 1, September 2024 - August 2025

Page No: 8-13

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 28-September-2024

Abstract: This paper explores the operation of a lathe machine and the process of crafting a handcrafted hammer through various metalworking techniques. The study began with an introduction to the lathe machine, its parts, and safe handling procedures. The initial task involved reducing the diameter of a metal rod using a lathe machine, focusing on turning, facing, and cutting operations. After mastering these techniques, the second task was to create a hammer by cutting, polishing, measuring, and drilling a metal bar. Each step of the hammer-making process was carefully executed, always ensuring precision and safety. Throughout the experiment, we followed strict safety protocols to avoid injuries. This research highlights the importance of hands-on training, attention to detail, and safety when working with lathe machines and metalworking tools.

Keywords: Cutting process, Handcrafted hammer, Lathe machine, Machining techniques, Metalworking, Polishing, Precision measurement, Safety protocols, Spindle speed, Tool selection, Turning operation, Workshop training.

Title: A Comprehensive Analysis of Lathe Machine Usage and Hammer Fabrication in Metalworking

Author: Mustavi Rafid, Md Sajib Ahmed

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

ISSN 2394-9678

Vol. 12, Issue 1, September 2024 - August 2025

Page No: 1-7

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 27-September-2024